Ultrasonics Level 1
PREREQUISITE: Registrants must satisfy all prerequisites that pertain to this training course.
TRAINING OBJECTIVES: This course provides a basic knowledge of ultrasonic
testing fundamentals sufficient to enable the technician to carry out ultrasonic testing to
established procedures under the supervision of Level 2 or Level 3 personnel.
APPLICABLE STANDARDS: This course meets the training syllabus requirements of CAN/CGSB-48.9712, ISO 9712 and SNT-TC-1A.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF LEVEL 1 PERSONNEL (AS PER CGSB): Level 1 personnel are defined as
personnel who properly perform specific calibrations and specific evaluations for acceptance
or rejection determinations, according to written instructions, and record results. Level 1
carry out industrial ultrasonics under the supervision of Level 2 or Level 3 personnel and
shall receive the necessary instructions from a Level 2 or Level 3 individual.
COURSE OUTLINE (
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- Introduction
- Historical perspective of the use of ultrasound
- Comparison with other commonly used NDT methods
- Fundamental Properties of Ultrasound
- Definition of ultrasonic vibrations
- Relationship of frequency velocity and wavelength
- Diffraction theory
- Modes of particle vibration
- Ultrasound uses
- Generation of Ultrasonic Waves
- Piezoelectric crystal types and characteristics
- Search unit construction
- Search unit characteristics: resolution; sensitivity
- Search unit types: single element; dual element; Angle beam
- Test Material Characteristics
- Velocity
- Sound attenuation
- Acoustic impedance
- Sound Beam Characteristics
- Dead zone; Near zone; Far zone
- Intensity variations
- Probe diameter and frequency effect
- Angular Incidence
- Reflection
- Transmission
- Refraction
- Mode conversion
- Critical angles
- Snell's Law
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- Ultrasonic Inspection Techniques
- Through transmission
- Pulse echo
- Angle beam
- Contact testing
- Immersion testing
- Ultrasonic Testing Equipment
- Basic pulse echo instrument
- Control functions and uses
- Information displays: A scan, B scan, C scan, digital readouts
- Computer enhanced displays
- Ultrasonic Reference Blocks
- Area amplitude blocks
- Distance amplitude blocks
- International Institute of Welding (IIW) block
- Miniature angle beam calibration block
- Uses of artificial reflectors compared
- Inspected Part Variations
- Effect of surface roughness
- Effect of surface coatings
- Surface curvature
- Parallelism
- Grain size
- Discontinuity Variations
- Size
- Shape
- Orientation
- Distance from entry surface
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Ultrasonics Level 2
PREREQUISITE: Registrants must satisfy all prerequisites that pertain to this training course.
TRAINING OBJECTIVES: This course provides the in-depth knowledge in the
principles of ultrasonic testing and the fundamentals of engineering, materials and components, such
that the technician will be able to:
- identify the suitability of ultrasonic testing for all materials and inspection applications;
- develop inspection techniques and prepare procedures that can be followed by a Level 1 technician;
- document results of the analysis;
- be familiar with all regulatory codes and specifications for ultrasonic testing and their intent.
APPLICABLE STANDARDS: This course meets the training syllabus requirements of CAN/CGSB-48.9712, ISO 9712 and SNT-TC-1A.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF LEVEL 2 PERSONNEL (as per CGSB): Level 2 personnel are defined
as personnel who perform and/or direct industrial Ultrasonics according to established or
recognized procedures and are responsible for the Ultrasonic method or technique used and for
the interpretation of the test method.
COURSE OUTLINE (
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- Basic Theory
- Sound as energy
- The source, the medium and the receiver
- Wave motion
- The sound frequency spectrum
- Relationship of velocity, frequency and wavelength
- Fundamentals of Pulse Echo
- Basic operation of a pulse echo system
- Pulse length and considerations for penetration and resolution requirements
- Definition of penetration and resolution
- Pulse frequency / pulse damping
- Pulse repetition frequency
- Equipment for pulse echo
- The piezoelectric phenomenon
- The "A" scan presentation
- Basic design and operation of a general purpose ultrasonic flaw detector
- Basic design and operation of transducers
- Types of waves and their characteristics
- Refraction and mode conversion
- Advanced Theory
- Practical consideration of sound velocity
- Acoustic impedance and practical considerations
- Practical consideration of pulse repetition frequency (PRF)
- Behaviour of sound energy at point of reflection and refraction
- Refraction index
- Construction of a typical transducer catalogue
- Transducer technology
- Beam physics
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- Applied Ultrasonic Testing
- Technique development / wrought products; welds; heavy castings
- Geometrics
- Review of the basic operation of an immersion testing facility; the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques
- Focus transducer technology
- Beam profiling and optimum pressure zones for different focus
- Calculating minimum water path distance and optimum water path distance
- Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC)
- Sizing method for flaws larger than the beam diameter
- Evaluation of flaws for type of defect
- Calibration of Instrumentation
- Review of the basic requirements of ASTM E317-85 and latest revisions
- Performance of the following calibrations using the immersion technique: horizontal linearity / vertical linearity; near surface resolution / far surface resolution; sensitivity / signal to noise ratio
- Documentation of results
- Disposition procedures for equipment found "out of calibration"
- Codes and Specifications
- Interpretation of codes and specifications in common use
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